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Review

Molecular and Cellular Microbiology (MCM)  |  Antibiotics, Antifungals, and Antiviral compounds

Bacterial Pigments as a Promising Alternative to Synthetic Colorants: From Fundamentals to Applications

Xin Huang1, Longzhan Gan1*, Zhicheng He1, Guangyang Jiang2*, and Tengxia He1

1Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
2Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan Province, P.R. China

Correspondence to:
Longzhan Gan,            lzgan@gzu.edu.cn
Guangyang Jiang,        gyjiang@scu.edu.cn
Received: April 11, 2024; Revised: July 31, 2024; Accepted: August 28, 2024

J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2024; 34(11): 2153-2165

Published November 28, 2024 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2404.04018

Copyright © The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology.

Abstract

Pigments find widespread application in the fields of food, medicine, textiles, and cosmetics. At present, synthetic colorants dominate the global pigment market. However, the environmental and health hazards associated with synthetic colorants have spurred extensive research on eco-friendly and safe alternatives. Natural pigments are particularly intriguing for meeting consumer demands and sustainable development, as they not only exhibit various vibrant color shades without discernible toxic side effects but also offer additional healthful features such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral properties compared with their synthetic counterparts. Among natural sources, bacterial strains share distinct advantages for large-scale pigment production because of their intrinsic robustness of cellular metabolic systems. This review comprehensively outlines the bacterial sources, extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, biological activities, and potential applications of typical pigments, including but not limited to violacein, indigoidine, melanin, carotenoids, prodigiosin, and rhodopsin. Additionally, it underscores the primary obstacles to the development and production of bacterial pigments for commercial applications, discussing feasible strategies for overcoming production bottlenecks. This work also provides valuable insights for the scientific and rational advancement of bacterial pigment development.

Keywords

Bacterial pigments, pigment classification, biosynthesis, chemical structure, biological activity

Graphical Abstract


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Article

Review

J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2024; 34(11): 2153-2165

Published online November 28, 2024 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2404.04018

Copyright © The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology.

Bacterial Pigments as a Promising Alternative to Synthetic Colorants: From Fundamentals to Applications

Xin Huang1, Longzhan Gan1*, Zhicheng He1, Guangyang Jiang2*, and Tengxia He1

1Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
2Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan Province, P.R. China

Correspondence to:Longzhan Gan,            lzgan@gzu.edu.cn
Guangyang Jiang,        gyjiang@scu.edu.cn

Received: April 11, 2024; Revised: July 31, 2024; Accepted: August 28, 2024

Abstract

Pigments find widespread application in the fields of food, medicine, textiles, and cosmetics. At present, synthetic colorants dominate the global pigment market. However, the environmental and health hazards associated with synthetic colorants have spurred extensive research on eco-friendly and safe alternatives. Natural pigments are particularly intriguing for meeting consumer demands and sustainable development, as they not only exhibit various vibrant color shades without discernible toxic side effects but also offer additional healthful features such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral properties compared with their synthetic counterparts. Among natural sources, bacterial strains share distinct advantages for large-scale pigment production because of their intrinsic robustness of cellular metabolic systems. This review comprehensively outlines the bacterial sources, extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, biological activities, and potential applications of typical pigments, including but not limited to violacein, indigoidine, melanin, carotenoids, prodigiosin, and rhodopsin. Additionally, it underscores the primary obstacles to the development and production of bacterial pigments for commercial applications, discussing feasible strategies for overcoming production bottlenecks. This work also provides valuable insights for the scientific and rational advancement of bacterial pigment development.

Keywords: Bacterial pigments, pigment classification, biosynthesis, chemical structure, biological activity

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