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References

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Article

Research article

J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2024; 34(10): 2079-2090

Published online October 28, 2024 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2402.02013

Copyright © The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology.

Whole-Genome Sequencing of Three Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains Reveals Potential Metabolites for Boosting Host Immunity Safely

I-Chen Li1*, Yueh-Lun Lee2, Tsung-Ju Li1, You-Shan Tsai1, Yen-Lien Chen1, and Chin-Chu Chen1,3,4,5*

1Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
3Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City 104, Taiwan
4Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
5Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan

Correspondence to:I-Chen Li,                   ichen.li@grapeking.com.tw
Chin-Chu Chen,          gkbioeng@grapeking.com.tw

Received: February 8, 2024; Revised: July 3, 2024; Accepted: July 24, 2024

Abstract

In response to the growing demand for immune-related products, this study evaluated the safety and immune-modulating potential of three newly discovered Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains (GKM3, GKK1, and GKD7) through toxicity tests and whole-genome sequencing. Safety evaluations, including the analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factors, plasmids, and prophages, classified these strains as safe for human consumption. Acute oral toxicity tests further supported their safety. To evaluate their immune-modulating potential, dendritic cells were exposed to these strains, and the secretion of key cytokines (IFN-β and IL-12) was measured. Among the strains, GKK1 exhibited the highest enhancement of IFN-β and IL-12 production, suggesting its potential as an immune-stimulating probiotic. Bioinformatics analysis revealed potential metabolic pathways and secondary metabolites, including predicted bacteriocins, associated with immune modulation. The presence of a nitrate reductase region in the GKK1 strain indicated its ability to produce nitric oxide, a critical molecule involved in immune regulation and host defense. The presence of glucorhamnan-related gene clusters in GKK1 also suggested immune-enhancing effects. Nitrate reductase expression was confirmed using qPCR, with the highest levels detected in GKK1. Moreover, this study is the first to show an anti-inflammatory effect of plantaricin A, linked to its presence in strain GKM3 and its potential therapeutic applications due to sequence similarity to known anti-inflammatory peptides. Overall, these three L. plantarum strains demonstrated a safe profile and GKK1 showed potential as an immunity-enhancing probiotic. However, additional investigation is required to confirm the involvement of specific metabolic pathways, secondary metabolites, and bacteriocins in immune responses.

Keywords: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, safety evaluation, immunomodulation, cytokines, secondary metabolites, bioinformatics

References

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  41. Medema MH, Blin K, Cimermancic P, de Jager V, Zakrzewski P, Fischbach MA, et al. 2011. antiSMASH: rapid identification, annotation and analysis of secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters in bacterial and fungal genome sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 39: W339-346.
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