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Food Microbiology and Biotechnology (FMB)  |  Cellular Nutrition in Health and Disease

Using Synbiotics as a Therapy to Protect Mental Health in Alzheimer's Disease

Anh Pham Thi Ngoc1, Adil Zahoor1, Dong Gyun Kim1, and Seung Hwan Yang1*

Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea

Correspondence to:
Seung Hwan Yang,          ymichigan@jnu.ac.kr
Received: March 12, 2024; Revised: May 29, 2024; Accepted: June 10, 2024

J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2024; 34(9): 1739-1747

Published September 28, 2024 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2403.03021

Copyright © The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology.

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that represents a major cause of dementia worldwide. Its pathogenesis involves multiple pathways, including the amyloid cascade, tau protein, oxidative stress, and metal ion dysregulation. Recent studies have suggested a critical link between changes in gut microbial diversity and the disruption of the gut–brain axis in AD. Previous studies primarily explored the potential benefits of probiotics and prebiotics in managing AD. However, studies have yet to fully describe a novel promising approach involving the use of synbiotics, which include a combination of active probiotics and new-generation prebiotics. Synbiotics show potential for mitigating the onset and progression of AD, thereby offering a holistic approach to address the multifaceted nature of AD. This review article primarily aims to gain further insights into the mechanisms of AD, specifically the intricate interaction between gut bacteria and the brain via the gut–brain axis. By understanding this relationship, we can identify potential targets for intervention and therapeutic strategies to combat AD effectively. This review also discusses substantial evidence supporting the role of synbiotics as a promising AD treatment that surpasses traditional probiotic or prebiotic interventions. We find that synbiotics may be used not only to address cognitive decline but also to reduce AD-related psychological burden, thus enhancing the overall quality of life of patients with AD.

Keywords

Alzheimer’s disease, synbiotics, anxiety, gut-brain axis

References

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Article

Review

J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2024; 34(9): 1739-1747

Published online September 28, 2024 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2403.03021

Copyright © The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology.

Using Synbiotics as a Therapy to Protect Mental Health in Alzheimer's Disease

Anh Pham Thi Ngoc1, Adil Zahoor1, Dong Gyun Kim1, and Seung Hwan Yang1*

Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea

Correspondence to:Seung Hwan Yang,          ymichigan@jnu.ac.kr

Received: March 12, 2024; Revised: May 29, 2024; Accepted: June 10, 2024

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that represents a major cause of dementia worldwide. Its pathogenesis involves multiple pathways, including the amyloid cascade, tau protein, oxidative stress, and metal ion dysregulation. Recent studies have suggested a critical link between changes in gut microbial diversity and the disruption of the gut–brain axis in AD. Previous studies primarily explored the potential benefits of probiotics and prebiotics in managing AD. However, studies have yet to fully describe a novel promising approach involving the use of synbiotics, which include a combination of active probiotics and new-generation prebiotics. Synbiotics show potential for mitigating the onset and progression of AD, thereby offering a holistic approach to address the multifaceted nature of AD. This review article primarily aims to gain further insights into the mechanisms of AD, specifically the intricate interaction between gut bacteria and the brain via the gut–brain axis. By understanding this relationship, we can identify potential targets for intervention and therapeutic strategies to combat AD effectively. This review also discusses substantial evidence supporting the role of synbiotics as a promising AD treatment that surpasses traditional probiotic or prebiotic interventions. We find that synbiotics may be used not only to address cognitive decline but also to reduce AD-related psychological burden, thus enhancing the overall quality of life of patients with AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer&rsquo,s disease, synbiotics, anxiety, gut-brain axis

References

  1. Srivastava S, Ahmad R, Khare SK. 2021. Alzheimer’s disease and its treatment by different approaches: a review. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 216: 113320.
  2. Haghighat N, Mohammadshahi M, Shayanpour S, Haghighizadeh MH, Rahmdel S, Rajaei M. 2021. The effect of synbiotic and probiotic supplementation on mental health parameters in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled trial. Indian J. Nephrol. 31: 149.
  3. Talebi M, Kakouri E, Talebi M, Tarantilis PΑ, Farkhondeh T, İlgün S, et al. 2021. Nutraceuticals-based therapeutic approach: recent advances to combat pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Exp. Rev. Neurother. 21: 625-642.
  4. DeCarolis NA, Eisch AJ. 2010. Hippocampal neurogenesis as a target for the treatment of mental illness: a critical evaluation. Neuropharmacology 58: 884-893.
  5. Ravetz RS. 1999. Psychiatric disorders associated with Alzheimer’s disease. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 99: S13-16.
  6. Mendez MF. 2021. The relationship between anxiety and Alzheimer’s disease1. J. Alzheimer’s Disease Rep. 5: 171-177.
  7. Knopman DS, Amieva H, Petersen RC, Chételat G, Holtzman DM, Hyman BT, et al. 2021. Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 7: 33.
  8. Gibson GR, Probert HM, Van Loo J, Rastall RA, Roberfroid M. 2004. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr. Res. Rev. 17: 259-275.
  9. Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF. 2013. Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. Biol. Psychiatry 74: 720-726.
  10. Cheng L, Liu YW, Wu CC, Wang S, Tsai Y. 2019. Psychobiotics in mental health, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. J. Food Drug Anal. 27: 632-648.
  11. Lustbader JW, Cirilli M, Lin C, Xu H, Takuma K, Wang N, et al. 2004. ABAD directly links ASS to mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease. Science 304: 448-452.
  12. Hunt D, Castillo PE. 2012. Synaptic plasticity of NMDA receptors: mechanisms and functional implications. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 22: 496-508.
  13. Vergara C, Houben S, Suain V, Yilmaz Z, De Decker R, Vanden Dries V, et al. 2019. Amyloid-β pathology enhances pathological fibrillary tau seeding induced by Alzheimer PHF in vivo. Acta Neuropathol. 137: 397-412.
  14. Bertram L, Tanzi RE. 2008. Thirty years of Alzheimer’s disease genetics: the implications of systematic meta-analyses. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9: 768-778.
  15. Shen J, Kelleher RJ. 2007. The presenilin hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: evidence for a loss-of-function pathogenic mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 403-409.
  16. Michalicová A, Majerová P, Kováč A. 2020. TAU protein and its role in blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 13: 570045.
  17. Medeiros R, Baglietto‐Vargas D, LaFerla FM. 2011. The role of TAU in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 17: 514-524.
  18. Iqbal K, Liu F, Chen G, Grundke‐Iqbal I. 2010. Tau in Alzheimer disease and related tauopathies. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 7: 656-664.
  19. Budimir A. 2011. Metal ions, Alzheimer’s disease and chelation therapy. Acta Pharm. 61: 1-14.
  20. Nita M, Grzybowski A. 2016. The role of the reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the pathomechanism of the Age-Related ocular diseases and other pathologies of the anterior and posterior eye segments in adults. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longevity 2016: 1-23.
  21. Zhao Y, Zhao B. 2013. Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2013: 1-10.
  22. Guglielmotto. 2010. Oxidative stress mediates the pathogenic effect of different Alzheimer’s disease risk factors. Front. Aging Neurosci. doi: 10.3389/neuro.24.003.2010. eCollection 2010.
  23. Fan L, Mao C, Hu X, Zhang S, Yang Z, Hu ZW, et al. 2020. New insights into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Front. Neurol. 10: 1312
  24. Haque MdM, Murale DP, Kim YK, Lee JH. 2019. Crosstalk between oxidative stress and tauopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20: 1959.
  25. Martin CR, Osadchiy V, Kalani A, Mayer EA. 2018. The brain-gut-microbiome axis. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6: 133-148.
  26. Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C. 2015. The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Ann. Gastroenterol. 28: 203-209.
  27. Morais LH, Schreiber HL, Mazmanian SK. 2020. The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 19: 241-255.
  28. Schroeder FA, Lin CL, Crusio WE, Akbarian S. 2007. Antidepressant-Like effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium butyrate, in the mouse. Biol. Psych. 62: 55-64.
  29. Frost G, Sleeth M, Sahuri-Arisoylu M, Lizarbe B, Cerdán S, Brody L, et al. 2014. The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism. Nat. Commun. 5: 3611.
  30. Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes T, Eccles JD, Rouhani SJ, Peske JD, et al. 2015. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature 523: 337-341.
  31. Yoo BH, Mazmanian SK. 2017. The enteric network: interactions between the immune and nervous systems of the gut. Immunity 46: 910-926.
  32. Morimoto K, Nakajima K. 2019. Role of the immune system in the development of the central nervous system. Front. Neurosci. 13: 916.
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