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Potential of Endophytic Diaporthe sp. as a New Source of Bioactive Compounds
1Chemistry Section, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
2Drug Discovery and Delivery Research Laboratory, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021; 31(4): 493-500
Published April 28, 2021 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2005.05012
Copyright © The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology.
Abstract
Keywords
Graphical Abstract
Introduction
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that inhabit the living tissues of plants without posing any harmful or deleterious symptoms to them. Often, plants accommodate one or many endophytic fungi [1]. The interaction between endophytic fungi and their hosts is mutual, as the hosts supply habitation and nutrients while the fungi secrete functional metabolites for plant growth and survival [2]. Metabolites produced by endophytic fungi have been shown to possess structural diversity and exhibited a broad range of biological activities [1, 3]. These metabolites, at some point, are similar to those produced by the host plants; indicating the potential of endophytic fungi as an alternative source of bioactive compounds [1]. Hence, it is not surprising that endophytic fungi have attracted considerable attention in producing novel bioactive compounds for exploitation in medicine, agriculture and modern industries [4].
Among the vast endophytic fungi, genus
Bioactive compounds from Diaporthe sp.
Plant-derived fungi of
-
Table 1 . Source of diverse bioactive compounds isolated from endophytic
Diaporthe sp. and their potential biological activities.Diaporthe sp.Host plant Compounds Chemical nature Activity Cell/Target Ref. Diaporthe sp. SNB-GSS10Sabicea cinerea Mycoepoxydiene (1); Altiloxin A (2); Enamidin (3); Eremofortin F (4) Mycoepoxidiene; Terpenoids; Enamidines; Sesquiterpenoids Cytotoxic KB (human uterine cervical carcinoma cell); MRC-5 (human lung fibroblast cell); MDA-MB-435 (human breast cancer cell) [7] Diaporthe sp. LG23Mahonia fortunei 19- nor -Lanosta-5(10),6,8,24-tetraene-1α ,3β ,12β ,22S-tetraol (5); 3β ,5α ,9α -Trihydroxy-(22E ,24R )-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (6); 3β ,5α ,9α ,14α -Tetrahydroxy-(22E ,24R )-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (7); (22E ,24R )-Ergosta-7,9(11),22-triene-3β ,5α ,6α -triol (8); Chaxine C (9); Demethylincisterol A3 (10); Volemolide (11)Triterpenoids Antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive); Escherichia coli (Gram-negative); Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative); Streptococcus pyogenes (Gram-positive)[23] Diaporthe sp. 1308-05Aucuba japonica var.borealis Homopetasinic acid (12) Acid derivatives Cytotoxic Cochliobolus miyabeanus (fungus); COLO 201 (human colon adenocarcinomacell); HL60 (human promyelocytic leukemia cell)[25] Diaporthe citri G-01Mikania glomerata Spreng3-Nitropropionic acid (13) Acid derivatives Sub-lethal Larvae of Diatraea saccharalis (sugarcane borer)[2] Diaporthe maritima DAOMC628553Picea rubens Phomopsolides A-C (14-16); ( S ,E )-6-(4-hydroxy-3-oxopent-1-en-1-yl)-2H -pyran-2-one (17)Pyranones Antibiotic Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive)[6] Phomopsis sp. PSU-H188Hevea brasiliensis Phomopsisporones A-B (18-19); ( E )-1893A (20); 1893B (21); Mycoepoxydiene (1); 2,3-Dihydromycoepoxydiene (22); Deacetylmycoepoxydiene (23); Nectriapyrone (24); Cytochalasin N (25); Diaporthalasin (26); (3R )-5-Methylmellein (27); (3R ,4R )-cis -4-Hydroxy-5-methylmellein (28); (R )-(−)-5-Hydroxymethylmellein (29); Dothiorelones A-C and E (30-33); Cytosporones B and D (34-35)Cytosporones; Mycoepoxydienes; Pyranones; Cytochalasins; Melleins; Pyridine derivatives Antibacterial; Cytotoxic Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive); MRSA (Gram-positive); KB (human oral cavity cancer cell); MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell); Vero (kidney fibroblast cells)[12] Diaporthe phaseolorum SKS019Acanthus ilicifolius Diaporphasines A-D (36-39); Meyeroguillines A, C and D (40-42); 5-Deoxybostrycoidin (43); Fusaristatin A (44) Alkaloids Cytotoxic MDA-MB-435 (human breast cancer cell); HepG2 (human liver cancer cell); HCT116 (human colon cancer cell); NCI-H460 (human non-small cell lung cancer cell); MCF10A (human normal breast cell) [21] Diaporthe arengae TATW2Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.)Methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (45); Pterin-6-carboxylic acid (46); 2,6-Ditert-butyl-4-phenol (47) Phenolics Anti-hypercholesterolemic hRBC (red blood cell) [1] Diaporthe toxica Lupinus sp.Phomopsin F (48) Hexapeptides Cytotoxic HepG2 (human liver cancer cell) [26] Diaporthe sp. SYSU-HQ3Excoecaria agallocha Diaporisoindoles A-E (49-53); Tenellones C and D (54-55); Diaporindenes A-D (56-59); Isoprenylisobenzofuran A (60) Alkaloids; Benzophenones; Alkaloids Anti-tuberculosis; LPS-activated NO production MptpB ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B); RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage cell)[27]
[28]Diaporthe sp. SCSIO 41011Rhizophora stylosa Isochromophilones A-F (61-66); 5-Chloroisorotiorin (67); epi -Isochromophilone (68); Isochromophilone III (69);epi -Isochromophilone III (70); 6-((1E ,3E )-3,5-Dimethylhepta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-2,4-dihydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde (71); (2E ,4E )-1-(2,6-Dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)hexa-2,4-dien-1-one (72)Azaphilone derivatives Cytotoxic ACHN; OS-RC-2; 786-O cells (human renal cancer cells) [20] Diaporthe sp. ECN-137Phellodendron amurense Diaporthols A and B (73-74) Polyketides Anti-migration TGF- β 1-elicited MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer cell)[16] Diaporthe sp. ARL-09Anoectochilus roxburghii Cytoskyrin C (75); Epicytoskyrin (76) Bisanthraquinones Cytotoxic SMMC-7721 (human hepatoma cell) [29] Diaporthe pseudomangiferaea Tylophora ouata Acetoxydothiorelones A and B (77-78); Dothiorelones K-N (79-82); 16-Acetoxydothiorelone C (83); Dothiorelones A-C (30-32); Dothiorelones G and I (84-85); Cytosporone D (35); Pestalotiopsone B (86); Mucorisocoumarin A (87); 5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-2-phenylisoindoline-1,3-dione (88); Diaporphthalide A (89); Diaporlactone A (90) Thiorelone Anti-fibrosis; Cytotoxicity; Anti-diabetic MRC-5 (human lung fibroblasts cell); BGC-823 (human gastric carcinoma cell); PTP1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B) [30] Diaporthe sp.Datura inoxia MillXylarolide (91); Xylarolides A and B (92-93); Diportharine A (94) Nonenolides; Coumarins Antioxidant; Cytotoxic DPPH; MIAPaCa-2 (human pancreatic cancer cell); PC-3 (human prostate cancer cell) [24] Diaporthe lithocarpus A740Morinda officinalis Tenllone I (95); Lithocarins B-D (96-98); Tenellone H (99); Phomopene (100) Benzophenones; Eremophilanes; Monoterpentoids Cytotoxic SF-268 (human glioblastoma cell); MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell); HepG2 (human liver cancer cell); A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell) [8] Diaporthe sp. GZU-1021Chiromanteshaematochir Diaporthichalasins A-C (101-103); Phomopsichalasin G (104); 21- O -Deacetyl-L-696,474 (105); Cytochalasin H (106); Biatriosporin N (107); Phomopsichin B (108); Penialidin A (109); Phomoxanthone A (110)Cytochalasins; Tetrahydroxanthone dimers LPS-activated NO production; Anti-inflammatory cytotoxic RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage cell) [15] Diapothe vochysiae LGMF1583Vochysia divergens Vochysiamides A and B (111-112); 2,5-Dihydroxybenzyl alcohol (113) Carboxiamides; Alcohols Antibacterial; Cytotoxic MSSA (Gram-positive); MRSA (Gram-positive); Klebsiella. pneumonia (Gram-negative); A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell); PC-3 (human prostate cancer cell)[5] Phomopsis sp. CFS42Cephalotaxus fortunei HookPhomotide A (114); 4-Acetyl-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy- 3-methoxy-5-methylisocoumarin (115) Polyketides - - [9] Diaporthe eucalyptorum KY-9Melia azedarach LinnEucalyptacid A (116); Eucalactam B (117); Eugenitol (118); Cytosporone C (119); 4-Hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (120); 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol (121); N -(2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)acetamide (122); Phomopene (100)Antifungal Alternaria. solani (fungus)[31]
-
Fig. 1.
Bioactive compounds (1-35) isolated from endophytic
Diaporthe sp.
-
Fig. 2.
Bioactive compounds (36-68) isolated from endophytic
Diaporthe sp.
-
Fig. 3.
Bioactive compounds (69-106) isolated from endophytic
Diaporthe sp.
-
Fig. 4.
Bioactive compounds (107-122) isolated from endophytic
Diaporthe sp.
Mycoepoxydienes
Fungal mycoepoxydienes were among the bioactive compounds isolated from
Cytochalasins
Cytochalasin, which has often been regarded as mycotoxin, is characterized by a substituted perhydro-isoindolone moiety joined to a macrocycle [14]. In 2017, two cytochalasin derivatives, known as cytochalasin N (25) and diaporthalasin (26), were isolated from
Depsidones
On the other hand, another class of compounds known as depsidones has been found in
Azaphilones
Azaphilones, which consist of a highly oxygenated pyranoquinone bicyclic core skeleton, has received a great deal of scientific interest recently due to their interesting structural features and promising biological activities [19]. In 2018, six new polyoxygenated chloroazaphilones (isochromophilones A-F, (61-66)) and their analogues were obtained from the ethyl acetate extract of
Other Organic Compounds
Other metabolites isolated from
Endophytic
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (203.PJJAUH.6711662) of Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no financial conflicts of interest to declare.
References
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Related articles in JMB

Article
Minireview
J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021; 31(4): 493-500
Published online April 28, 2021 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2005.05012
Copyright © The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology.
Potential of Endophytic Diaporthe sp. as a New Source of Bioactive Compounds
Kashvintha Nagarajan1, Woei-Yenn Tong2, Chean-Ring Leong2, and Wen-Nee Tan1*
1Chemistry Section, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
2Drug Discovery and Delivery Research Laboratory, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
Correspondence to:Wen-Nee Tan, tanwn@usm.my
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are symbiotically related to plants and spend most of their life cycle within them. In nature, they have a crucial role in plant micro-ecosystem. They are harnessed for their bioactive compounds to counter human health problems and diseases. Endophytic Diaporthe sp. is a widely distributed fungal genus that has garnered much interest within the scientific community. A substantial number of secondary metabolites have been detected from Diaporthe sp. inhabited in various plants. As such, this minireview highlights the potential of Diaporthe sp. as a rich source of bioactive compounds by emphasizing on their diverse chemical entities and potent biological properties. The bioactive compounds produced are of significant importance to act as new lead compounds for drug discovery and development.
Keywords: Endophytes, Diaporthe sp., Phomopsis sp., bioactive compounds, bioactive natural products, drug discovery
Introduction
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that inhabit the living tissues of plants without posing any harmful or deleterious symptoms to them. Often, plants accommodate one or many endophytic fungi [1]. The interaction between endophytic fungi and their hosts is mutual, as the hosts supply habitation and nutrients while the fungi secrete functional metabolites for plant growth and survival [2]. Metabolites produced by endophytic fungi have been shown to possess structural diversity and exhibited a broad range of biological activities [1, 3]. These metabolites, at some point, are similar to those produced by the host plants; indicating the potential of endophytic fungi as an alternative source of bioactive compounds [1]. Hence, it is not surprising that endophytic fungi have attracted considerable attention in producing novel bioactive compounds for exploitation in medicine, agriculture and modern industries [4].
Among the vast endophytic fungi, genus
Bioactive compounds from Diaporthe sp.
Plant-derived fungi of
-
Table 1 . Source of diverse bioactive compounds isolated from endophytic
Diaporthe sp. and their potential biological activities..Diaporthe sp.Host plant Compounds Chemical nature Activity Cell/Target Ref. Diaporthe sp. SNB-GSS10Sabicea cinerea Mycoepoxydiene (1); Altiloxin A (2); Enamidin (3); Eremofortin F (4) Mycoepoxidiene; Terpenoids; Enamidines; Sesquiterpenoids Cytotoxic KB (human uterine cervical carcinoma cell); MRC-5 (human lung fibroblast cell); MDA-MB-435 (human breast cancer cell) [7] Diaporthe sp. LG23Mahonia fortunei 19- nor -Lanosta-5(10),6,8,24-tetraene-1α ,3β ,12β ,22S-tetraol (5); 3β ,5α ,9α -Trihydroxy-(22E ,24R )-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (6); 3β ,5α ,9α ,14α -Tetrahydroxy-(22E ,24R )-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (7); (22E ,24R )-Ergosta-7,9(11),22-triene-3β ,5α ,6α -triol (8); Chaxine C (9); Demethylincisterol A3 (10); Volemolide (11)Triterpenoids Antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive); Escherichia coli (Gram-negative); Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative); Streptococcus pyogenes (Gram-positive)[23] Diaporthe sp. 1308-05Aucuba japonica var.borealis Homopetasinic acid (12) Acid derivatives Cytotoxic Cochliobolus miyabeanus (fungus); COLO 201 (human colon adenocarcinomacell); HL60 (human promyelocytic leukemia cell)[25] Diaporthe citri G-01Mikania glomerata Spreng3-Nitropropionic acid (13) Acid derivatives Sub-lethal Larvae of Diatraea saccharalis (sugarcane borer)[2] Diaporthe maritima DAOMC628553Picea rubens Phomopsolides A-C (14-16); ( S ,E )-6-(4-hydroxy-3-oxopent-1-en-1-yl)-2H -pyran-2-one (17)Pyranones Antibiotic Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive)[6] Phomopsis sp. PSU-H188Hevea brasiliensis Phomopsisporones A-B (18-19); ( E )-1893A (20); 1893B (21); Mycoepoxydiene (1); 2,3-Dihydromycoepoxydiene (22); Deacetylmycoepoxydiene (23); Nectriapyrone (24); Cytochalasin N (25); Diaporthalasin (26); (3R )-5-Methylmellein (27); (3R ,4R )-cis -4-Hydroxy-5-methylmellein (28); (R )-(−)-5-Hydroxymethylmellein (29); Dothiorelones A-C and E (30-33); Cytosporones B and D (34-35)Cytosporones; Mycoepoxydienes; Pyranones; Cytochalasins; Melleins; Pyridine derivatives Antibacterial; Cytotoxic Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive); MRSA (Gram-positive); KB (human oral cavity cancer cell); MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell); Vero (kidney fibroblast cells)[12] Diaporthe phaseolorum SKS019Acanthus ilicifolius Diaporphasines A-D (36-39); Meyeroguillines A, C and D (40-42); 5-Deoxybostrycoidin (43); Fusaristatin A (44) Alkaloids Cytotoxic MDA-MB-435 (human breast cancer cell); HepG2 (human liver cancer cell); HCT116 (human colon cancer cell); NCI-H460 (human non-small cell lung cancer cell); MCF10A (human normal breast cell) [21] Diaporthe arengae TATW2Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.)Methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (45); Pterin-6-carboxylic acid (46); 2,6-Ditert-butyl-4-phenol (47) Phenolics Anti-hypercholesterolemic hRBC (red blood cell) [1] Diaporthe toxica Lupinus sp.Phomopsin F (48) Hexapeptides Cytotoxic HepG2 (human liver cancer cell) [26] Diaporthe sp. SYSU-HQ3Excoecaria agallocha Diaporisoindoles A-E (49-53); Tenellones C and D (54-55); Diaporindenes A-D (56-59); Isoprenylisobenzofuran A (60) Alkaloids; Benzophenones; Alkaloids Anti-tuberculosis; LPS-activated NO production MptpB ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B); RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage cell)[27]
[28]Diaporthe sp. SCSIO 41011Rhizophora stylosa Isochromophilones A-F (61-66); 5-Chloroisorotiorin (67); epi -Isochromophilone (68); Isochromophilone III (69);epi -Isochromophilone III (70); 6-((1E ,3E )-3,5-Dimethylhepta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-2,4-dihydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde (71); (2E ,4E )-1-(2,6-Dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)hexa-2,4-dien-1-one (72)Azaphilone derivatives Cytotoxic ACHN; OS-RC-2; 786-O cells (human renal cancer cells) [20] Diaporthe sp. ECN-137Phellodendron amurense Diaporthols A and B (73-74) Polyketides Anti-migration TGF- β 1-elicited MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer cell)[16] Diaporthe sp. ARL-09Anoectochilus roxburghii Cytoskyrin C (75); Epicytoskyrin (76) Bisanthraquinones Cytotoxic SMMC-7721 (human hepatoma cell) [29] Diaporthe pseudomangiferaea Tylophora ouata Acetoxydothiorelones A and B (77-78); Dothiorelones K-N (79-82); 16-Acetoxydothiorelone C (83); Dothiorelones A-C (30-32); Dothiorelones G and I (84-85); Cytosporone D (35); Pestalotiopsone B (86); Mucorisocoumarin A (87); 5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-2-phenylisoindoline-1,3-dione (88); Diaporphthalide A (89); Diaporlactone A (90) Thiorelone Anti-fibrosis; Cytotoxicity; Anti-diabetic MRC-5 (human lung fibroblasts cell); BGC-823 (human gastric carcinoma cell); PTP1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B) [30] Diaporthe sp.Datura inoxia MillXylarolide (91); Xylarolides A and B (92-93); Diportharine A (94) Nonenolides; Coumarins Antioxidant; Cytotoxic DPPH; MIAPaCa-2 (human pancreatic cancer cell); PC-3 (human prostate cancer cell) [24] Diaporthe lithocarpus A740Morinda officinalis Tenllone I (95); Lithocarins B-D (96-98); Tenellone H (99); Phomopene (100) Benzophenones; Eremophilanes; Monoterpentoids Cytotoxic SF-268 (human glioblastoma cell); MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell); HepG2 (human liver cancer cell); A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell) [8] Diaporthe sp. GZU-1021Chiromanteshaematochir Diaporthichalasins A-C (101-103); Phomopsichalasin G (104); 21- O -Deacetyl-L-696,474 (105); Cytochalasin H (106); Biatriosporin N (107); Phomopsichin B (108); Penialidin A (109); Phomoxanthone A (110)Cytochalasins; Tetrahydroxanthone dimers LPS-activated NO production; Anti-inflammatory cytotoxic RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage cell) [15] Diapothe vochysiae LGMF1583Vochysia divergens Vochysiamides A and B (111-112); 2,5-Dihydroxybenzyl alcohol (113) Carboxiamides; Alcohols Antibacterial; Cytotoxic MSSA (Gram-positive); MRSA (Gram-positive); Klebsiella. pneumonia (Gram-negative); A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell); PC-3 (human prostate cancer cell)[5] Phomopsis sp. CFS42Cephalotaxus fortunei HookPhomotide A (114); 4-Acetyl-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy- 3-methoxy-5-methylisocoumarin (115) Polyketides - - [9] Diaporthe eucalyptorum KY-9Melia azedarach LinnEucalyptacid A (116); Eucalactam B (117); Eugenitol (118); Cytosporone C (119); 4-Hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (120); 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol (121); N -(2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)acetamide (122); Phomopene (100)Antifungal Alternaria. solani (fungus)[31]
-
Figure 1.
Bioactive compounds (1-35) isolated from endophytic
Diaporthe sp.
-
Figure 2.
Bioactive compounds (36-68) isolated from endophytic
Diaporthe sp.
-
Figure 3.
Bioactive compounds (69-106) isolated from endophytic
Diaporthe sp.
-
Figure 4.
Bioactive compounds (107-122) isolated from endophytic
Diaporthe sp.
Mycoepoxydienes
Fungal mycoepoxydienes were among the bioactive compounds isolated from
Cytochalasins
Cytochalasin, which has often been regarded as mycotoxin, is characterized by a substituted perhydro-isoindolone moiety joined to a macrocycle [14]. In 2017, two cytochalasin derivatives, known as cytochalasin N (25) and diaporthalasin (26), were isolated from
Depsidones
On the other hand, another class of compounds known as depsidones has been found in
Azaphilones
Azaphilones, which consist of a highly oxygenated pyranoquinone bicyclic core skeleton, has received a great deal of scientific interest recently due to their interesting structural features and promising biological activities [19]. In 2018, six new polyoxygenated chloroazaphilones (isochromophilones A-F, (61-66)) and their analogues were obtained from the ethyl acetate extract of
Other Organic Compounds
Other metabolites isolated from
Endophytic
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (203.PJJAUH.6711662) of Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no financial conflicts of interest to declare.
Fig 1.

Bioactive compounds (1-35) isolated from endophytic
Fig 2.

Bioactive compounds (36-68) isolated from endophytic
Fig 3.

Bioactive compounds (69-106) isolated from endophytic
Fig 4.

Bioactive compounds (107-122) isolated from endophytic
-
Table 1 . Source of diverse bioactive compounds isolated from endophytic
Diaporthe sp. and their potential biological activities..Diaporthe sp.Host plant Compounds Chemical nature Activity Cell/Target Ref. Diaporthe sp. SNB-GSS10Sabicea cinerea Mycoepoxydiene (1); Altiloxin A (2); Enamidin (3); Eremofortin F (4) Mycoepoxidiene; Terpenoids; Enamidines; Sesquiterpenoids Cytotoxic KB (human uterine cervical carcinoma cell); MRC-5 (human lung fibroblast cell); MDA-MB-435 (human breast cancer cell) [7] Diaporthe sp. LG23Mahonia fortunei 19- nor -Lanosta-5(10),6,8,24-tetraene-1α ,3β ,12β ,22S-tetraol (5); 3β ,5α ,9α -Trihydroxy-(22E ,24R )-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (6); 3β ,5α ,9α ,14α -Tetrahydroxy-(22E ,24R )-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (7); (22E ,24R )-Ergosta-7,9(11),22-triene-3β ,5α ,6α -triol (8); Chaxine C (9); Demethylincisterol A3 (10); Volemolide (11)Triterpenoids Antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive); Escherichia coli (Gram-negative); Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative); Streptococcus pyogenes (Gram-positive)[23] Diaporthe sp. 1308-05Aucuba japonica var.borealis Homopetasinic acid (12) Acid derivatives Cytotoxic Cochliobolus miyabeanus (fungus); COLO 201 (human colon adenocarcinomacell); HL60 (human promyelocytic leukemia cell)[25] Diaporthe citri G-01Mikania glomerata Spreng3-Nitropropionic acid (13) Acid derivatives Sub-lethal Larvae of Diatraea saccharalis (sugarcane borer)[2] Diaporthe maritima DAOMC628553Picea rubens Phomopsolides A-C (14-16); ( S ,E )-6-(4-hydroxy-3-oxopent-1-en-1-yl)-2H -pyran-2-one (17)Pyranones Antibiotic Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive)[6] Phomopsis sp. PSU-H188Hevea brasiliensis Phomopsisporones A-B (18-19); ( E )-1893A (20); 1893B (21); Mycoepoxydiene (1); 2,3-Dihydromycoepoxydiene (22); Deacetylmycoepoxydiene (23); Nectriapyrone (24); Cytochalasin N (25); Diaporthalasin (26); (3R )-5-Methylmellein (27); (3R ,4R )-cis -4-Hydroxy-5-methylmellein (28); (R )-(−)-5-Hydroxymethylmellein (29); Dothiorelones A-C and E (30-33); Cytosporones B and D (34-35)Cytosporones; Mycoepoxydienes; Pyranones; Cytochalasins; Melleins; Pyridine derivatives Antibacterial; Cytotoxic Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive); MRSA (Gram-positive); KB (human oral cavity cancer cell); MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell); Vero (kidney fibroblast cells)[12] Diaporthe phaseolorum SKS019Acanthus ilicifolius Diaporphasines A-D (36-39); Meyeroguillines A, C and D (40-42); 5-Deoxybostrycoidin (43); Fusaristatin A (44) Alkaloids Cytotoxic MDA-MB-435 (human breast cancer cell); HepG2 (human liver cancer cell); HCT116 (human colon cancer cell); NCI-H460 (human non-small cell lung cancer cell); MCF10A (human normal breast cell) [21] Diaporthe arengae TATW2Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.)Methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (45); Pterin-6-carboxylic acid (46); 2,6-Ditert-butyl-4-phenol (47) Phenolics Anti-hypercholesterolemic hRBC (red blood cell) [1] Diaporthe toxica Lupinus sp.Phomopsin F (48) Hexapeptides Cytotoxic HepG2 (human liver cancer cell) [26] Diaporthe sp. SYSU-HQ3Excoecaria agallocha Diaporisoindoles A-E (49-53); Tenellones C and D (54-55); Diaporindenes A-D (56-59); Isoprenylisobenzofuran A (60) Alkaloids; Benzophenones; Alkaloids Anti-tuberculosis; LPS-activated NO production MptpB ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B); RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage cell)[27]
[28]Diaporthe sp. SCSIO 41011Rhizophora stylosa Isochromophilones A-F (61-66); 5-Chloroisorotiorin (67); epi -Isochromophilone (68); Isochromophilone III (69);epi -Isochromophilone III (70); 6-((1E ,3E )-3,5-Dimethylhepta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-2,4-dihydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde (71); (2E ,4E )-1-(2,6-Dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)hexa-2,4-dien-1-one (72)Azaphilone derivatives Cytotoxic ACHN; OS-RC-2; 786-O cells (human renal cancer cells) [20] Diaporthe sp. ECN-137Phellodendron amurense Diaporthols A and B (73-74) Polyketides Anti-migration TGF- β 1-elicited MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer cell)[16] Diaporthe sp. ARL-09Anoectochilus roxburghii Cytoskyrin C (75); Epicytoskyrin (76) Bisanthraquinones Cytotoxic SMMC-7721 (human hepatoma cell) [29] Diaporthe pseudomangiferaea Tylophora ouata Acetoxydothiorelones A and B (77-78); Dothiorelones K-N (79-82); 16-Acetoxydothiorelone C (83); Dothiorelones A-C (30-32); Dothiorelones G and I (84-85); Cytosporone D (35); Pestalotiopsone B (86); Mucorisocoumarin A (87); 5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-2-phenylisoindoline-1,3-dione (88); Diaporphthalide A (89); Diaporlactone A (90) Thiorelone Anti-fibrosis; Cytotoxicity; Anti-diabetic MRC-5 (human lung fibroblasts cell); BGC-823 (human gastric carcinoma cell); PTP1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B) [30] Diaporthe sp.Datura inoxia MillXylarolide (91); Xylarolides A and B (92-93); Diportharine A (94) Nonenolides; Coumarins Antioxidant; Cytotoxic DPPH; MIAPaCa-2 (human pancreatic cancer cell); PC-3 (human prostate cancer cell) [24] Diaporthe lithocarpus A740Morinda officinalis Tenllone I (95); Lithocarins B-D (96-98); Tenellone H (99); Phomopene (100) Benzophenones; Eremophilanes; Monoterpentoids Cytotoxic SF-268 (human glioblastoma cell); MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell); HepG2 (human liver cancer cell); A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell) [8] Diaporthe sp. GZU-1021Chiromanteshaematochir Diaporthichalasins A-C (101-103); Phomopsichalasin G (104); 21- O -Deacetyl-L-696,474 (105); Cytochalasin H (106); Biatriosporin N (107); Phomopsichin B (108); Penialidin A (109); Phomoxanthone A (110)Cytochalasins; Tetrahydroxanthone dimers LPS-activated NO production; Anti-inflammatory cytotoxic RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage cell) [15] Diapothe vochysiae LGMF1583Vochysia divergens Vochysiamides A and B (111-112); 2,5-Dihydroxybenzyl alcohol (113) Carboxiamides; Alcohols Antibacterial; Cytotoxic MSSA (Gram-positive); MRSA (Gram-positive); Klebsiella. pneumonia (Gram-negative); A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell); PC-3 (human prostate cancer cell)[5] Phomopsis sp. CFS42Cephalotaxus fortunei HookPhomotide A (114); 4-Acetyl-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy- 3-methoxy-5-methylisocoumarin (115) Polyketides - - [9] Diaporthe eucalyptorum KY-9Melia azedarach LinnEucalyptacid A (116); Eucalactam B (117); Eugenitol (118); Cytosporone C (119); 4-Hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (120); 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol (121); N -(2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)acetamide (122); Phomopene (100)Antifungal Alternaria. solani (fungus)[31]
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