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References

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    Pubmed CrossRef
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    Pubmed CrossRef
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    Pubmed CrossRef
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    CrossRef
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    Pubmed CrossRef
  9. Freires IA, Denny C, Benso B, de Alencar SM, Rosalen PL. 2015. Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules 20: 7329-7358.
    Pubmed CrossRef
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    Pubmed CrossRef
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    Pubmed CrossRef
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    Pubmed CrossRef
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    CrossRef
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    Pubmed CrossRef
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    Pubmed CrossRef
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    Pubmed CrossRef
  35. Vieira R, Grayer R, Paton A. 2003. Chemical profiling of Ocimum americanum using external flavonoids. Phytochemistry 63: 555-567.
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Article

Review

J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2017; 27(3): 429-438

Published online March 28, 2017 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1608.08024

Copyright © The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology.

Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Oregano, and Thyme Essential Oils

Hercules Sakkas 1* and Chrissanthy Papadopoulou 1

Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece

Received: August 10, 2016; Accepted: December 14, 2016

Abstract

For centuries, plants have been used for a wide variety of purposes, from treating infectious
diseases to food preservation and perfume production. Presently, the increasing resistance of
microorganisms to currently used antimicrobials in combination with the appearance of
emerging diseases requires the urgent development of new, more effective drugs. Plants, due
to the large biological and structural diversity of their components, constitute a unique and
renewable source for the discovery of new antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic
compounds. In the present paper, the history, composition, and antimicrobial activities of the
basil, oregano, and thyme essential oils are reviewed.

Keywords: Essential oils, Thyme, Basil, Antimicrobial activity, Oregano

References

  1. Gurib-Fakim A. 2006. Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow. Mol. Aspects Med. 27: 1-93.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  2. Prabuseenivasan S, Jayakumar M, Ignacimuthu S. 2006. In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 6: 39-50.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  3. Valiakos E, Marselos M, Sakellaridis N, Constantinidis T, Skaltsa H. 2015. Ethnopharmacological approach to the herbal medicines of the “antidotes” in Nikolaos Myrepsos’ Dynameron. J. Ethnopharmacol. 163: 68-82.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  4. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J. Appl. Microbiol. 86: 985-990.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  5. Cowan MM. 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12: 564-582.
    Pubmed KoreaMed
  6. Lardos A. 2006. The botanical material medica of the Iatrosophikon - a collection of prescriptions from a monastery in Cyprus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 104: 387-406.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  7. Malamas M, Marselos M. 1992. The tradition of medicinal plants in Zagori, Epirus (northwestern Greece). J. Ethnopharmacol. 37: 197-203.
    CrossRef
  8. Edris A. 2007. Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review. Phytother. Res. 21: 308-323.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  9. Freires IA, Denny C, Benso B, de Alencar SM, Rosalen PL. 2015. Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules 20: 7329-7358.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  10. Rota C, Carraminana JJ, Burillo J, Herrera A. 2004. In vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aromatic plants against selected foodborne pathogens. J. Food Protect. 67: 1252-1256.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  11. Suhr KI, Nielsen PV. 2003. Antifungal activity of essential oils evaluated by two different application techniques against rye bread spoilage fungi. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94: 665-674.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  12. Burt S. 2004. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods - a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94: 223-253.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  13. Pothier J, Galand N, El Ouali M, Viel C. 2001. Comparison of planar chromatographic methods (TLC, OPLC, AMD) applied to essential oils of wild thyme and seven chemotypes of thyme. Il Farmaco 5-7: 505-511.
    CrossRef
  14. Anthony JP, Fyfe L, Smith H. 2005. Plant active components – a resource for antiparasitic agents? Trends Parasitol. 21:462-468.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  15. Aburjai T, Natsheh F. 2003. Plants used in cosmetics. Phytother. Res. 17: 987-1000.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  16. Wallace RJ. 2004. Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 63: 621-629.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  17. Cooke B, Ernst E. 2000. Aromatherapy: a systematic review. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 50: 493-496.
    Pubmed KoreaMed
  18. Seymour R. 2003. Additional properties and uses of essential oils. J. Clin. Periodontol. 30: 19-21.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  19. Chorianopoulos N, Kalpoutzakis E, Aligiannis N, Mitaku S, Nychas G-J, Haroutounian S. 2004. Essential oils of Satureja, Origanum and Thymus species: chemical composition and antibacterial activities against foodborne pathogens. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52: 8261-8267.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  20. Cosentino S, Tuberoso SIG, Pisano B, Satta M, Mascia V, Arzedi E, Palmas F. 1999. In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 29: 130-135.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  21. Holley R, Patel D. 2005. Improvement in shelf-life and safety of perishable foods by plant essential oils and smoke antimicrobials. Food Microbiol. 22: 273-292.
    CrossRef
  22. Marino M, Bersani C, Comi G. 2001. Impedance measurements to study the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Lamiaceae and Compositae. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 67: 187-195.
    CrossRef
  23. Smith-Palmer A, Stewart J, Fyfe L. 1998. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26: 118-122.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  24. Lang G, Buchbauer G. 2012. A review on recent research results (2008–2010) on essential oils as antimicrobials and antifungals. A review. Flavour Fragr. J. 27: 13-39.
    CrossRef
  25. Lambert RJV, Skandamis PN, Coote PJ, Nychas G-JE. 2001. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91: 453-462.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  26. Guynot ME, Ramos AG, Seto L, Purroy P, Sanchis V, Marin S. 2003. Antifungal activities of volatile compounds generated by essential oils against fungi commonly causing deterioration of bakery products. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94: 893-899.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  27. Walsh SE, Maillard JY, Russell AD, Catrenich CE, Charbonneau DL, Bartolo RG. 2003. Activity and mechanisms of action of selected biocidal agents on gram-positive and -negative bacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94: 240-247.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  28. Sikkema J, De Bont J, Poolman B. 1995. Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiol. Rev. 59: 201222.
  29. Si W, Gong J, Tsao R, Zhou T, Yu H, Poppe C, et al. 2006. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and structurally related synthetic food additives towards selected pathogenic and beneficial gut bacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol. 100: 296-305.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  30. Radulovic N, Blagojevic P, Miltojevic A. 2013. α-Linalool - a marker compound of forged/synthetic sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oils. J. Sci. Food Agric. 93:3292-3303.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  31. Rattanachaikunsopon P, Phumkhachorn P. 2010. Antimicrobial activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil against Salmonella enteritidis in vitro and in food. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 74: 1200-1204.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  32. Suppakul P, Miltz J, Sonneveld K, Bigger S. 2003. Antimicrobial properties of basil and its possible application in food packaging. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 3197-3207.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  33. Schulz H, Schrader B, Quilitzsch R, Pfeffer S, Kruger H. 2003. Rapid classification of basil chemotypes by various vibrational spectroscopy methods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 2475-2481.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  34. Trevisan MTS, Silva MGV, Pfundstein B, Spiegelhalder B, Owen RW. 2006. Characterization of the volatile pattern and antioxidant capacity of essential oils from different species of the genus Ocimum. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54: 4378-4382.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  35. Vieira R, Grayer R, Paton A. 2003. Chemical profiling of Ocimum americanum using external flavonoids. Phytochemistry 63: 555-567.
    CrossRef
  36. Tilebeni HG. 2011. Review to basil medicinal plant. Int. J. Agron. Plant Prod. 2: 5-9.
  37. Lachowicz K J, J ones G P, B rig g s DR, Bienvenu F E, W an J , Wilcock A, Coventry MJ. 1998. The synergistic preservative effects of the essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against acid-tolerant food microflora. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26: 209-214.
    CrossRef
  38. Opalchenova G, Obreshkova D. 2003. Comparative studies on the activity of basil – an essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L. – against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of the genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas by using different test methods. J. Microbiol. Methods 54: 105-110.
    CrossRef
  39. Lewinsohn E, Ziv-Raz I, Dudai N, Tadmor Y, Lastochkin E, Larkov O, et al. 2000. Biosynthesis of estragole and methyleugenol in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Developmental and chemotypic association of allylphenol O-methyltransferase activities. Plant Sci. 160: 27-35.
    CrossRef
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