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Article

Research article

J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2020; 30(7): 1051-1059

Published online July 28, 2020 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2003.03007

Copyright © The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology.

Melanin Bleaching and Melanogenesis Inhibition Effects of Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48 Isolated from Korean Perilla Leaf Kimchi

Sukyung Kim 1, 2+, Hoonhee Seo 1, 2+, Hafij Al Mahmud 1, 2, Md Imtiazul Islam 1, 2, Omme Fatema Sultana 1, 2, Youngkyoung Lee 1, 2, Minhee Kim 3 and Ho-Yeon Song 1, 2*

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea 2Probiotics Microbiome Convergence Center, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea 3Emory university, Institute for Quantitative Theory and Methods (QuanTM), GA 30322, USA

Correspondence to:Ho-Yeon  Song
songmic@sch.ac.kr

Received: March 6, 2020; Accepted: March 26, 2020

Abstract

Overproduction and accumulation of melanin in the skin will darken the skin and cause skin disorders. So far, components that can inhibit tyrosinase, a melanin synthase of melanocytes, have been developed and used as ingredients of cosmetics or pharmaceutical products. However, most of existing substances can only inhibit the biosynthesis of melanin while melanin that is already synthesized and deposited is not directly decomposed. Thus, their effects in decreasing melanin concentration in the skin are weak. To overcome the limitation of existing therapeutic agents, we started to develop a substance that could directly biodegrade melanin. We screened traditional fermented food microorganisms for their abilities to direct biodegrade melanin. As a result, we found that a kimchi-derived Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48 had a direct melanin-degrading effect. This PMC48 strain is a new strain, different from P. acidilactici strains reported so far. It not only directly degrades melanin, but also has tyrosinase-inhibiting effect. It has a direct melanindecomposition effect. It exceeds existing melanin synthesis-inhibiting technology. It is expected to be of high value as a raw material for melanin degradation drugs and cosmetics.

Keywords: Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48, melanin, tyrosinase, perilla leaf kimchi

Introduction

Melanin is primarily an indole derivative of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine. It is highly oxidative in nature. It is the major pigment present in surface structures of vertebrates [1]. The name “melanin” comes from the ancient Greek melanos, meaning “dark”. The origin of its name is currently unclear. However, it is usually attributed to a Swedish chemist Berzelius (1840) [2]. Human skin coloration is dependent almost exclusively on the concentration and spatial distribution of chromophores melanin and haemoglobin, where melanin plays a dominant role in driving constitutive coloration [3]. Skin darkening is due to the presence of a chemically inert and stable pigment known as melanin that is produced deep inside the skin but is displayed as a mosaic at the surface of the body [4].

It has been traditionally believed that skin pigmentation is the most important photoprotective factor because melanin not only functions as a broadband UV absorbent, but also possesses antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. Although moderate amounts of melanin have good effects on the human body, deposition by excessive synthesis can cause pigmentary disorders such as lentigo, naevus, freckles, age spots, chloasma, and melanoma [5]. An increased amount of melanin in the skin is called hypermelanosis or melanoderma [6]. Hypermelanosis in the epidermis is caused by an increase in melanin in basal and suprabasal layers of the skin associated with a normal or elevated amount of melanocytes. This is a common dermatologic problem that may have substantial impacts on the patient since it affects the appearance and quality of life [7], Treatment of hypermelanosis involves the use of topical hypopigmenting agents such as hydroquinone, tretinoin, kojic acid, azelaic acid, and arbutin that can inhibit novel synthesis of melanin in melanocytes [8]. Most previous treatment options for these disorders remain unsatisfactory [9]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a hypermelanosis treatment agent having a new mechanism of action different from existing treatments.

An alternative way of skin lightening is by decolouring melanin pigment. Although melanins are very stable compounds, under special conditions chemical or photochemical degradation and biodegradation by fungi are possible [10]. It has been reported that Aspergillus fumigatus and Geotrichum, Stropharia, Geotrichum, and Sporotrichum gena found in contaminated areas have melanin degradation effects [10-12]. As described above, unlike existing melanin synthesis inhibitors, melanin-decomposing microorganisms are expected to be of great value as therapeutic agents for hypermelanosis with new mechanisms of action.

This research is about the development of a new microorganism that can directly degrade melanin that has already been synthesized and deposited while having the function of inhibiting melanin synthesis. The ultimate purpose of this study is to develop medicines and cosmetics using the new microorganism. Therefore, microorganisms derived from traditional Korean fermented foods were screened. Such foods have been consumed in Korea for a long time with secured safety.

Materials and Methods

Isolation of Melanin Degrading Microorganisms from Korean Traditional Fermented Foods

Twenty kinds of traditional fermented foods were obtained from various parts of Korea and microorganisms were isolated. Abalone and sea urchin sauce, conche & ghee sauce, cured cheese, cured kimchi, cuttle fish sauce, kimchi (fresh), kimchi (old), seasoning soybean paste, mustard pickles, soypaste mixed with red peppers, perilla leaf kimchi, and soybean sauce were used for isolating different kinds of microorganisms. Several kinds of media were used and aerobic/anaerobic condition were given for each medium to isolate 252 types of isolates. Brain Heart Infusion (BD, 211065), M17 (Kisanbio, MB-M1192), Tos-MUP (Kisanbio, MB-T0892), and MRS (BD, 288210) agar were used for this experiment.

Agar Well Diffusion Method

The agar well diffusion method was applied to measure melanin degradation. Briefly, 100 μl of culture of P. acidilactici PMC48 was added into modified agar containing 0.2 mg/ml melanin (Sigma Chemical Co., USA). Arbutin and hydroquinone at 20 mM were used as controls. After 24 h of incubation, clear zone nearby each hole was checked.

Melanin degradation assay in broth. The tube broth method was applied to measure melanin degradation. Briefly, 100 μl of culture and culture filtrate of P. acidilactici PMC48 were added into 10 ml of modified broth containing 0.2 mg/ml melanin (Sigma Chemical Co.). Arbutin and hydroquinone at 20 mM were used as controls. After 72 h of incubation at 37oC with shaking (120 rpm), melanin amount was checked visually after centrifugation.

Tyrosinase Inhibition Test Using Tyrosinase as a Substrate

In order to assay the inhibitory effect of P. acidilactici culture filtrate on mushroom tyrosinase, dose-dependent inhibition experiments were carried out in triplicate. In brief, 10 μl of an aqueous solution of mushroom tyrosinase (2,000 U/ml) (Sigma Chemical Co.) in 0.05 M phosphate buffer was added to a 96-well microplate in a total volume of a 270 μl mixture containing 40 μl of 1.5 mM L-tyrosine solution, and 230 μl of 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). A sample solution (20 μl) was added to the reaction mixture (280 μl) and incubated at 37°C for 60 min. Following incubation, the amount of L-DOPA produced in the reaction mixture was determined spectrophotometrically at 490 nm (OD490) with a microplate reader. Tyrosinase activity (%) was calculated using the following equation: {[(Sample + tyrosinase) - (sample alone)] / (tyrosinase)} × 100 .

Tyrosinase Inhibition Test based on L-DOPA

In order to assay the inhibitory effect of P. acidilactici PMC48 culture filtrate on mushroom tyrosinase, dose- dependent inhibition experiments were carried out in triplicate as described previously with a minor modification [29]. In brief, 15 μl of an aqueous solution of mushroom tyrosinase (2,000 U/ml) (Sigma Chemical Co.) was added to a 96-well microplate in a total volume of a 270 μl mixture containing 255 μl of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer solution, 15 μl of P. acidilactici PMC48 culture filtrate. The assay mixture was incubated at 37oC for 30 min. Following incubation, 15 μl of 10 mM L-DOPA (Sigma Chemical Co.) was added additionally into 96- well plate. The amount of dopachrome produced in the reaction mixture was determined spectrophotometrically at 490 nm (OD490) with a microplate reader. Tyrosinase activity (%) was calculated using the following equation: {[(Sample + tyrosinase) - (sample alone)] / (tyrosinase)} × 100 .

DPPH Radical Scavenging Effect Test

The purple color of DPPH solution fades rapidly after interaction with proton-radical scavengers. The radical scavenging activity of P. acidilactici PMC48 was determined according to a previous report. Different concentrations (1.56% to 100%) of P. acidilactici PMC48 (20 μl) were mixed with 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer (80 μl, pH 7.4) and then added to 100 μl of 100 μM DPPH in ethanol (final concentration 50 μM). After vigorous shaking, the mixture was left in the dark at room temperature for 30 min. The absorbance of the resulting solution was measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm. DPPH radical scavenging activity was expressed as percentage of the control (0% P. acidilactici PMC48).

Melanin Content Measurement

B16F10 (Mus musculus skin melanoma) cells were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (KCLB, Korea). These cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (GIBCO, USA) supplemented with 2 mM L- glutamine, 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (GIBCO), and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37°C in fully humidified air with 5% CO2 and subcultured twice weekly. In the current study, melanin content was used as an index of melanogenesis. Estimations of melanin content were performed using a modified method of Bilodeau et al. (2001). In short, B16F10 cells (5*10^4) were plated onto 6-well dishes and incubated in the presence of 100 nM α-MSH for 24 h. Cells were then incubated for 72 h with P. acidilactici PMC48 culture filtrate at concentrations of 3.12% and arbutin at 1 or 2 mM. After washing twice with PBS, samples were dissolved in 100 μl of 1N NaOH. These samples were then incubated at 60oC for 1 h and mixed to solubilize melanin. Absorbance at 405 nm was compared with a standard curve of synthetic melanin.

API 50 CHL Test

Fermentation of carbohydrates was determined using API 50 CHL, a standardized system consisting of 50 biochemical tests for the study of carbohydrate metabolism by microorganisms. Pure water (10 ml) was dispensed into the incubation box with the strip placed in the incubation box after bacterial cultures were introduced into the API 50 CHL system in API 50 CHL medium (5 ml) in concentration 2 McFarland. The set-up system was then incubated at 37°C for 48 h after wells were filled with bacterial suspensions by the line mark with the addition of mineral oil. Identification tables were prepared as (+/-) according to color change in evaluation of results of API strips reaction. Numerical profiles of strains were identified adding positive values in indicative table. Species designations were identified by evaluating with an identification software apiwebTM.

Whole Genome Sequencing

Genomic DNA of P. acidilactici PMC48 was extracted using QIAamp DNA Mini kit (Qiagen, Germany). Sequencing analysis was performed in Chunlab, Inc (Korea). PacBio sequencing data were assembled with PacBio SMRT Analysis 2.3.0 using the HGAP2 protocol (Pacific Biosciences, USA). Resulting contigs from PacBio sequencing data were circularized using Circlator 1.4.0 (Sanger institute, UK). Sequence reads and assemblies are deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database under accession number PRJNA612145.

Cell Cytotoxicity

Cell viability assay of B16F10 was performed by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) [30]. Briefly, 1* 10^4 cells/well was seeded into a 96-well plate. These cells were exposed to P. acidilactici culture filtrate (1.56, 3.12, 6.25, and 12.5%) for 24 h. Then MTT solution was added to each well. The insoluble derivative of MTT produced by intracellular dehydrogenase was solubilized with ethanol-DMSO (1:1 mixture solution). The absorbance of each well at 570 nm was read using a microplate reader. The amount of MTT in bacterial culture filtrate treated group was compared to that of the control group. The higher relative amount of MTT measured indicated that the culture filtrate was not cytotoxic to B16F10 cells.

Results and Discussion

Isolation of Melanin Degrading Microorganisms from Korean Traditional Fermented Foods

Twenty kinds of traditional fermented foods were obtained from various parts of Korea and microorganisms were isolated. A total of 252 types of isolates were grown using MRS agar and 49 kinds of microorganisms were harvested, except for overlapping isolates by product and morphology. Microorganisms that could degrade melanin were screened using the agar well diffusion method with melanin-containing agar media. Among 49 kinds of microorganisms, isolate PMC48 originated from perilla leaf kimchi degraded melanin around its pellets to form a clear zone. Genome analysis and melanin degradation or biosynthesis inhibition effects of the isolated microorganism, PMC48, was further performed or analyzed in depth.

Biochemical Characteristics of the Isolated Bacterial Strain

Current methods for characterizing and identifying bacterial isolates include a variety of routine phenotypic, biochemical, enzymatic, and molecular tests. The use of phenotypic and biochemical tests for identification has been the traditional standard for many years [13]. Biochemical characterization of isolated bacterial strains was carried out for identification and phenotypic characterizations of bacteria (Table 1). Based on biochemical and morphological tests according to the Bergey’s manual [14], PMC48 isolate was identified as Lactobacillus brevis. Its phenotypic characteristics alone were insufficient to differentiate it from other bacterial isolates due to the standardization of conventional methods [15]. It has also been reported that phenotypic characterization results cannot be used for direct comparison because these results require full background knowledge for each test [15]. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequence analysis was used to ensure accurate taxonomic position of metal-resistant bacteria reported in this study.

Table 1 . Ability of melanin degrading isolate PMC48 to form acid from different carbohydrates..

NoType of test24h48hNoType of test24h48h
0Control++25Esculine++
1Glycerol--26-Salicin++
2Erythritol--27D-Cellibiose++
3D-arabinose--28D-Maltose++
4L-arabinose++29D-Lactose-+
5D-ribose++30D-Melibiose--
6D-xylose++31D-Sacharose++
7L-xylose--32D-Trehalose++
8D-adonitel--33Inulin--
9Methyl-βD-xylopyranoside--34D-Melezitose--
10D-galactose++35D-Raffinose--
11D-glucose++36Amidon--
12D-fructose++37Glycogen--
13D-mannose++38Xylitol--
14L-sorbose--39Gentibiose++
15L-rhamnose--40D-Turanose--
16Dulcitol--41D-Lyxose--
17Inocitol--42D-Tagatose++
18D-mannitol-+43D-Fucose--
19D-sorbitol-+44L-Fucose--
20Methyl-αD-mannopyranoside--45D-arabitol--
21Methyl-αD-glucopyranoside--46L-arabitol--
22N-acetylglucosamine++47Potassium gluconate-+
23Amygdaline++48Potassium 2 ketogluconate--
24Arbutine++49Potassium 5 ketogluconate--

(+): positive reaction (yellow), no. 25 (black); (-): negative reaction (violet).



Identification of Isolated Bacterial Strains based on 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis

The use of 16S rRNA gene sequences to study bacterial phylogeny and taxonomy has been by far the most common housekeeping genetic marker used [16]. Therefore, 16S ribosomal RNA sequences have been used extensively in the classification and identification of bacteria [17]. The comparison of almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequences has been widely used to establish taxonomic relationships between prokaryotic strains. Sequence similarity of 98.65% is currently recognized as the cutoff for delineating species [17]. PMC48, a melanin- degrading isolate, was identified taxonomically by robust method of 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Table 2). By comparing its 16S rRNA sequence with those deposited at The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) reference sequence database, the isolated strain was found to belong to Pediococcus acidilactici. This isolate shared more than 99% sequence similarities with its closest relative. This strain shared significant similarity (99.47%) with P. acidilactici DSM 20284. However, many investigators have found that 16S rRNA gene sequencing data have resolution problems at genus and/or species level [16]. Therefore, we performed additional genome analysis for exact species determination with in-depth genetic analysis of selected strain.

Table 2 . Identification of isolated bacterial strain, PMC48, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and their close relative published in DNA databases..

NCBI ReferenceOrganismLengthScoreIdentitiesGapsE Value
NR_042057.1Pediococcus acidilactici DSM 2028415692732 bits (1479)1497/1505 (99%)4/1505 (0%)0.0
NR_042058.1Pediococcus pentosaceus DSM 2033615692632 bits (1425)1481/1508 (98%)4/1508 (0%)0.0
NR_041640.1Pediococcus acidilactici NGRI 0510Q15402573 bits (1393)1450/1474 (98%)18/1474 (1%)0.0
NR_042401.1Pediococcus stilesii strain FAIR-E 18015292571 bits (1392)1461/1496 (98%)2/1496 (0%)0.0
NR_075029.1Pediococcus claussenii strain ATCC BAA-34415672518 bits (1363)1460/1507 (97%)6/1507 (0%)0.0
NR_042623.1Pediococcus argentinicus strain CRL 77614922484 bits (1345)1445/1494 (97%)6/1494 (0%)0.0
NR_042232.1Pediococcus claussenii strain P0614722423 bits (1312)1419/1471 (96%)5/1471 (0%)0.0
NR_113922.1Pediococcus parvulus strain NBRC 10067315012386 bits (1292)1429/1496 (96%)7/1496 (0%)0.0
NR_043290.1Pediococcus cellicola strain Z-815422377 bits (1287)1432/1503 (95%)5/1503 (0%)0.0
NR_025388.1Pediococcus inopinatus strain DSM 2028515512366 bits (1281)1430/1503 (95%)5/1503 (0%)0.0
NR_042087.1Pediococcus damnosus strain DSM 2033115612351 bits (1273)1428/1503 (95%)10/1503 (1%)0.0
NR_043291.2Pediococcus ethanolidurans strain Z-915012344 bits (1269)1404/1470 (96%)6/1470 (0%)0.0
NR_029136.1Pediococcus parvulus strain S-18214362302 bits (1246)1374/1437 (96%)6/1437 (0%)0.0
NR_125575.1Lactobacillus brantae DSM 23927 strain SL110815452289 bits (1239)1417/1502 (94%)16/1502 (1%)0.0
NR_115654.1Pediococcus damnosus strain JCM 588614972281 bits (1235)1411/1499 (94%)11/1499 (1%)0.0
NR_109538.1Lactobacillus curieae strain S1L1915402265 bits (1226)1417/1510 (94%)9/1510 (1%)0.0
NR_113290.1Lactobacillus senioris DSM 24302 = JCM 17472 strain YIT 1236415622265 bits (1226)1416/1509 (94%)8/1509 (1%)0.0
NR_113289.1Lactobacillus saniviri JCM 17471 = DSM 2430115582263 bits (1225)1420/1513 (94%)18/1513 (1%)0.0
NR_116411.1Lactobacillus kimchicus JCM 15530 strain DCY5114992235 bits (1210)1409/1504 (94%)17/1504 (1%)0.0
NR_042442.1Lactobacillus malefermentans strain DSM 570515562233 bits (1209)1410/1506 (94%)17/1506 (1%)0.0


Study of Genome Properties and Comparative Analysis of the Selected Isolate, PMC48

Primary features of the genome of strain PMC48 are presented in Fig. 1. Strain PMC 48 contained a single, circular chromosome of 2,043,929 bp, with an average GC content of 42.2%. We detected 2,026 coding sequences (CDSs) in the genome, with an average length of 870.5bp (Fig. 1A). As shown in Fig. 1B, predicted CDSs were grouped by Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) functional categorizations. Among these CDSs, 1,892 proteins were assigned to COG families [18]. Biological functions could be defined for 1,351 (66.7%) of predicted proteins, while 541 CDSs (26.7%) were homologous to conserved proteins with unknown functions in other organisms. The remaining 134 hypothetical proteins (6.6%) had no match with any known proteins in the database. Furthermore, 57 tRNA and 15 rRNA genes were predicted.

Figure 1. High-throughput genome sequencing of Pediococcus acidilactici strain PMC48. (A) Circularmap of Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48 strain genome. Antisense and sense strands (colored according to COG categories) and RNA genes (red, tRNA; blue, rRNA) are shown from the outer periphery to the center. Inner circles show the GC skew, with yellow and blue indicating positive and negative values, respectively, and the GC content is indicated in red and green. This genome map was visualized using CLgenomics. (B) Relative abundance of cluster of orthologous groups (COG) functional categories of genes.

OrthoANI provides a more robust and faster means of calculating average nucleotide identity for taxonomic purposes [19]. Using whole genome sequence data of PMC48 strain, similarity analysis was performed using the OrthoANI method with strains that shared high similarities in 16S rRNA analyses (Fig. 2). When OrthoANI analysis was performed to compare the isolate identified from this study to all publicly available P. acidilactici genomes, similarities were 98.46% for other P. acidilactici strains (ZPA017, NGRI 0510Q), which was significantly above the cut-off value of 95% for species delineation [20]. When our isolate was compared to non- acidilactici Pediococcus spp. genomes, identities values were below 80%. In addition, identities values with Lactobacillus brevis based on biochemical results and Lactobacillus species which showed low similarity in 16S rRNA analysis were significantly lower. These results strongly suggest that the melanin-degrading strain, PMC48 strain, is P. acidilactici.

Figure 2. Phylogenomic tree and OrthoANI result calculated with available genomes of Pediococcus and Lactobacillus species. Values bigger than 96% indicate that strains belong to the same species. The results between two strains are given in the junction point of the diagonals departing from each strain, i.e., OrthoANI value between Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 is 74.0%. (2-column fitting image).

We then compared P. acidilactici PMC48 genome information and publicly available genome information of other strains of P. acidicactici (LPBC161 [21], S1 [22], MA18/5M [23], K3 [24], NGRI 0510Q [25]) (Table 3). Although they were the same species, their genome sizes, GC contents, and numbers of CDS, rRNA, and tRNA were all different. This finding shows that PMC48 is a new strain of P. acidilactici. The draft genome sequence of strain PMC48 will further help us understand its melanin-degrading potential at genetic level.

Table 3 . Comparison of the chromosomal properties of Pediococcus acidilactici strains..

StrainPMC48LPBC161S1MA18/5MK3NGRI 0510QT
SourcesSesame leaf kimchiMature coffee cherryMakgeolliPasture GramineaeNurukRyegrass Silage
Genome size (bp)2,043,9291,960,5061,980,1721,992,9281,991,3992,047,078
G+C content (%)42.242.24242.142.141.2
Predicted CDS2,0262,0191,5251,9671,5252,154
Number of rRNA genes1567NC82
Number of tRNA genes575240NC5054

NC: not confirmed..



Melanolytic Activity of P. acidilactici PMC48

Melanin-degrading activity of P. acidilactici PMC48 isolated from perilla leaf kimchi was measured (Fig. 3). Using the agar well diffusion method, a clear zone was formed around the PMC48 cell culture, indicating that the strain could directly degrade melanin (Fig. 3A). Furthermore, PMC48 strain’s culture filtrate also formed a clear zone, with size similar to the melanin degradation effect by the bacterial cell culture (Fig. 3B). Under the same conditions, arbutin or hydroquinone did not form a clear zone (Figs. 3C and 3D). Using the tube broth method, PMC48 culture degraded melanin. It could be clearly seen that melanin was reduced (Fig. 3E). Cell free culture filtrate of PMC48 also degraded melanin (Fig. 3F). Under the same conditions, arbutin or hydroquinone did not show melanin degrading effect (Figs. 3G and 3H). These results strongly suggest that PMC48 strain has an excellent effect of directly degrading melanin.

Figure 3. Degradation profiles of melanin by PMC48 strain. The agar well diffusion method (A-D) and the tube broth method (E-H) were applied to measure melanin degradation. The melanin degradation effect of the broth culture (A, B, E) or cell free culture filtrate (F) of PMC48 was measured. PMC48 culture of late exponential phase was used, and the filtrate was prepared by filtering the supernatant from which cells were removed by centrifugation of the culture medium. Control drugs, arbutin (C, G) and hydroquinone (D, H) were tested under the same conditions. In the agar well diffusion method, agar medium containing 1 mg/ml of melanin was used, and 100 μl of culture medium of PMC48 or same amount of control drugs (10 mg/ml of stock solution) were added and they were incubated for 24 h. In the tube broth method, a 10 ml liquid medium containing 1 mg/ml of melanin was used, and 100 ul of PMC48 culture solution and culture filtrate or final control 1 mM control drugs were added to the tube and after 24 h incubation and melanin was extracted.

Inhibitory Effect of P. acidilactici PMC48 on Melanin Biosynthesis

The main method of treating hypermelanosis so far is by using an agent that can inhibit melanin synthesis in melanocytes [26, 27]. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effect of PMC48 on tyrosinase, a melanin synthase, to determine whether this PMC48 strain might be compatible with the existing melanin synthesis technology in addition to its direct melanin degradation effect (Fig. 4). Tyrosinase inhibitory effects of PMC48 strains were measured by comparing two tyrosinase inhibitory tests using tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L- DOPA) with representative tyrosinase inhibitors hydroquinone and arbutin. In the tyrosinase inhibition test using tyrosine as a substrate, arbutin and hydroquinone had great inhibitory effects, whereas PMC48 culture was ineffective (Fig. 4A). In the tyrosinase inhibition test based on L-DOPA, PMC48 cultures also had inhibitory effects, similar to inhibitory effects of arbutin and hydroquinone (Fig. 4B).

Figure 4. Inhibitory effect of tyrosinase and dopa oxidation of Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48 culture filtrate. Arbutin and kojic acid were used as positive standards in the above assay (A, B). Antioxidative capacity of P. acidilactici PMC48 culture filtrate was evaluated by determination of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl scavenging capacity. Vitamin C was used as positive standards in the above assay (C). Data are mean ± SD of three separate experiments. Values are significantly different by comparison with the control. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

When exposed to ultraviolet radiation, the human skin produces profuse reactive oxygen species (ROS) which in turn activate tyrosinase by mobilizing α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the epidermis and finally stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin [28]. In this regard, a strategy for developing agents having both tyrosinase-suppressing and antioxidant effects has recently emerged [28]. Therefore, this study also tested the effect of PMC48 along with vitamin C as a representative antioxidant. Results confirmed that the PMC48 culture solution had DPPH radical scavenging effect of 18.5% (p < 0.01) (Fig. 4C). These results suggest that PMC48 strain has a melanin synthesis inhibitory effect by having an antioxidant effect along with a tyrosinase-inhibiting effect when L-DOPA is used as the substrate.

Whitening Activity of P. acidilactici PMC48 in B16F10 Murine Melanoma Cells

Based on results of in vitro direct melanin-degrading and melanin synthesis-inhibiting effects of PMC48 shown above, its whitening effect on melanocytes was tested (Fig. 5). The whitening effect test of PMC48 strain on melanocytes B16F10 activated by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) showed a significant decrease in the amount of melanin (Fig. 5A). This effect of PMC48 culture was quantified with optical absorbance method (Fig. 5B) and enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) (Fig. 5C).

Figure 5. Inhibitory effects of Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48 culture filtrate on melanogenesis. B16F10 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of P. acidilactici PMC48 for 72 h after treatment with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Cells were harvested in a microcentrifuge tube (A), and the optical density was determined (B). Results are represented as percentages of control, and the data are presented as mean ± SD of three separate experiments. Values are significantly different by comparison with the control. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Safety Properties of P. acidilactici PMC48

The safety of the PMC48 strain in the development of hypermelanosis treatment was evaluated. Cytotoxicity experiments using B16F10 cells showed no toxic effects under all conditions (Fig. 6).

Figure 6. Cell viability assay. B16F10 cells were treated with various concentration of bacterial culture filtrate (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10%; v/v) for 24 h and the cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Results are expressed as percentage of cell viability relative to control. Values are significantly different by comparison with the control. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

In conclusion, PMC48, a new strain of P. acidilactici, has melanin synthesis inhibitory effect which is the main mechanism of action of hypermelanosis treatment. It also has direct melanin-degrading effect. In this regard, PMC48 is a promising candidate with high development value as a treatment for hypermelanosis.

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE), Korea, under the “Regional industry based organization support program” (reference number P0001942) supervised by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT). This study was also supported by Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest to declare.

Fig 1.

Figure 1.High-throughput genome sequencing of Pediococcus acidilactici strain PMC48. (A) Circularmap of Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48 strain genome. Antisense and sense strands (colored according to COG categories) and RNA genes (red, tRNA; blue, rRNA) are shown from the outer periphery to the center. Inner circles show the GC skew, with yellow and blue indicating positive and negative values, respectively, and the GC content is indicated in red and green. This genome map was visualized using CLgenomics. (B) Relative abundance of cluster of orthologous groups (COG) functional categories of genes.
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2020; 30: 1051-1059https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2003.03007

Fig 2.

Figure 2.Phylogenomic tree and OrthoANI result calculated with available genomes of Pediococcus and Lactobacillus species. Values bigger than 96% indicate that strains belong to the same species. The results between two strains are given in the junction point of the diagonals departing from each strain, i.e., OrthoANI value between Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 is 74.0%. (2-column fitting image).
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2020; 30: 1051-1059https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2003.03007

Fig 3.

Figure 3.Degradation profiles of melanin by PMC48 strain. The agar well diffusion method (A-D) and the tube broth method (E-H) were applied to measure melanin degradation. The melanin degradation effect of the broth culture (A, B, E) or cell free culture filtrate (F) of PMC48 was measured. PMC48 culture of late exponential phase was used, and the filtrate was prepared by filtering the supernatant from which cells were removed by centrifugation of the culture medium. Control drugs, arbutin (C, G) and hydroquinone (D, H) were tested under the same conditions. In the agar well diffusion method, agar medium containing 1 mg/ml of melanin was used, and 100 μl of culture medium of PMC48 or same amount of control drugs (10 mg/ml of stock solution) were added and they were incubated for 24 h. In the tube broth method, a 10 ml liquid medium containing 1 mg/ml of melanin was used, and 100 ul of PMC48 culture solution and culture filtrate or final control 1 mM control drugs were added to the tube and after 24 h incubation and melanin was extracted.
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2020; 30: 1051-1059https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2003.03007

Fig 4.

Figure 4.Inhibitory effect of tyrosinase and dopa oxidation of Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48 culture filtrate. Arbutin and kojic acid were used as positive standards in the above assay (A, B). Antioxidative capacity of P. acidilactici PMC48 culture filtrate was evaluated by determination of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl scavenging capacity. Vitamin C was used as positive standards in the above assay (C). Data are mean ± SD of three separate experiments. Values are significantly different by comparison with the control. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2020; 30: 1051-1059https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2003.03007

Fig 5.

Figure 5.Inhibitory effects of Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48 culture filtrate on melanogenesis. B16F10 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of P. acidilactici PMC48 for 72 h after treatment with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Cells were harvested in a microcentrifuge tube (A), and the optical density was determined (B). Results are represented as percentages of control, and the data are presented as mean ± SD of three separate experiments. Values are significantly different by comparison with the control. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2020; 30: 1051-1059https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2003.03007

Fig 6.

Figure 6.Cell viability assay. B16F10 cells were treated with various concentration of bacterial culture filtrate (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10%; v/v) for 24 h and the cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Results are expressed as percentage of cell viability relative to control. Values are significantly different by comparison with the control. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2020; 30: 1051-1059https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2003.03007

Table 1 . Ability of melanin degrading isolate PMC48 to form acid from different carbohydrates..

NoType of test24h48hNoType of test24h48h
0Control++25Esculine++
1Glycerol--26-Salicin++
2Erythritol--27D-Cellibiose++
3D-arabinose--28D-Maltose++
4L-arabinose++29D-Lactose-+
5D-ribose++30D-Melibiose--
6D-xylose++31D-Sacharose++
7L-xylose--32D-Trehalose++
8D-adonitel--33Inulin--
9Methyl-βD-xylopyranoside--34D-Melezitose--
10D-galactose++35D-Raffinose--
11D-glucose++36Amidon--
12D-fructose++37Glycogen--
13D-mannose++38Xylitol--
14L-sorbose--39Gentibiose++
15L-rhamnose--40D-Turanose--
16Dulcitol--41D-Lyxose--
17Inocitol--42D-Tagatose++
18D-mannitol-+43D-Fucose--
19D-sorbitol-+44L-Fucose--
20Methyl-αD-mannopyranoside--45D-arabitol--
21Methyl-αD-glucopyranoside--46L-arabitol--
22N-acetylglucosamine++47Potassium gluconate-+
23Amygdaline++48Potassium 2 ketogluconate--
24Arbutine++49Potassium 5 ketogluconate--

(+): positive reaction (yellow), no. 25 (black); (-): negative reaction (violet).


Table 2 . Identification of isolated bacterial strain, PMC48, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and their close relative published in DNA databases..

NCBI ReferenceOrganismLengthScoreIdentitiesGapsE Value
NR_042057.1Pediococcus acidilactici DSM 2028415692732 bits (1479)1497/1505 (99%)4/1505 (0%)0.0
NR_042058.1Pediococcus pentosaceus DSM 2033615692632 bits (1425)1481/1508 (98%)4/1508 (0%)0.0
NR_041640.1Pediococcus acidilactici NGRI 0510Q15402573 bits (1393)1450/1474 (98%)18/1474 (1%)0.0
NR_042401.1Pediococcus stilesii strain FAIR-E 18015292571 bits (1392)1461/1496 (98%)2/1496 (0%)0.0
NR_075029.1Pediococcus claussenii strain ATCC BAA-34415672518 bits (1363)1460/1507 (97%)6/1507 (0%)0.0
NR_042623.1Pediococcus argentinicus strain CRL 77614922484 bits (1345)1445/1494 (97%)6/1494 (0%)0.0
NR_042232.1Pediococcus claussenii strain P0614722423 bits (1312)1419/1471 (96%)5/1471 (0%)0.0
NR_113922.1Pediococcus parvulus strain NBRC 10067315012386 bits (1292)1429/1496 (96%)7/1496 (0%)0.0
NR_043290.1Pediococcus cellicola strain Z-815422377 bits (1287)1432/1503 (95%)5/1503 (0%)0.0
NR_025388.1Pediococcus inopinatus strain DSM 2028515512366 bits (1281)1430/1503 (95%)5/1503 (0%)0.0
NR_042087.1Pediococcus damnosus strain DSM 2033115612351 bits (1273)1428/1503 (95%)10/1503 (1%)0.0
NR_043291.2Pediococcus ethanolidurans strain Z-915012344 bits (1269)1404/1470 (96%)6/1470 (0%)0.0
NR_029136.1Pediococcus parvulus strain S-18214362302 bits (1246)1374/1437 (96%)6/1437 (0%)0.0
NR_125575.1Lactobacillus brantae DSM 23927 strain SL110815452289 bits (1239)1417/1502 (94%)16/1502 (1%)0.0
NR_115654.1Pediococcus damnosus strain JCM 588614972281 bits (1235)1411/1499 (94%)11/1499 (1%)0.0
NR_109538.1Lactobacillus curieae strain S1L1915402265 bits (1226)1417/1510 (94%)9/1510 (1%)0.0
NR_113290.1Lactobacillus senioris DSM 24302 = JCM 17472 strain YIT 1236415622265 bits (1226)1416/1509 (94%)8/1509 (1%)0.0
NR_113289.1Lactobacillus saniviri JCM 17471 = DSM 2430115582263 bits (1225)1420/1513 (94%)18/1513 (1%)0.0
NR_116411.1Lactobacillus kimchicus JCM 15530 strain DCY5114992235 bits (1210)1409/1504 (94%)17/1504 (1%)0.0
NR_042442.1Lactobacillus malefermentans strain DSM 570515562233 bits (1209)1410/1506 (94%)17/1506 (1%)0.0

Table 3 . Comparison of the chromosomal properties of Pediococcus acidilactici strains..

StrainPMC48LPBC161S1MA18/5MK3NGRI 0510QT
SourcesSesame leaf kimchiMature coffee cherryMakgeolliPasture GramineaeNurukRyegrass Silage
Genome size (bp)2,043,9291,960,5061,980,1721,992,9281,991,3992,047,078
G+C content (%)42.242.24242.142.141.2
Predicted CDS2,0262,0191,5251,9671,5252,154
Number of rRNA genes1567NC82
Number of tRNA genes575240NC5054

NC: not confirmed..


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