Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Protective effect of HPH in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT human keratinocytes. (A) Cytotoxicity of HPH to HaCaT cells. HPH did not exhibit any cytotoxicity at concentrations of up to 40%. (B) Intracellular ROS generation and analysis of ROS levels with and without TNF-α/IFN-γ stimulation via (C) fluorescence microscopy. Increases in Nrf2 (D), SOD1, and catalase (E) levels by HPH in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes according to Western blot analysis. Data are expressed as the mean ± S.D. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 compared with the control group. ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, ^####p < 0.0001 compared with the normal group.

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