Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Effects of 95% ethanol extract of E. asperula leaves on the secretion of the cytokines. TNF-α (A) IL-1β (B) IL-6 (C) and PGE2 mediator (D) on RAW264.7 macrophages. ^##p < 0.01 represents a significant difference compared with the control group; **p < 0.01 represents a significant difference compared with the LPS alone group. 95ECH, 95% ethanol extract; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NO, nitric oxide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; PGE2, prostaglandin E2.

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