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Table. 1.

Table. 1.

Metabolic disorders, alterations in gut microbiota and permeability, and changes in tight junction (TJ) proteins confirmed through high-fat diet (HFD)-induced dietary interventions in mouse studies.

Animal Diet composition Duration Disorder Disease Microbiota Gut permeability TJ protein/mucin production Reference
C57BL/6J mice, male 60% HFD HFD for 5 weeks; low-fat diet for 2 weeks Fasting blood glucose, hepatic lipid accumulation, hepatic TG ↑ _ Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio ↑ _ [35]
C57BL/6 mice, male 60% HFD 10 weeks HDL ↓, gut barrier dysfunction, hyperlipemia, TG/TC/LDL ↑ Obesity Clostridium sensu stricto 1 ↑ _ _ [28]
C57BL/6, male 60% HFD 4 weeks Insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance ↑ Obesity Bacteroidal Clostridiales spp ↑ Bacteroidal _ _ [36]
C57BL/6J mice, male 60% HFD 8 weeks Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia ↑ Obesity, type 2 diabetes Akkermansia Goblet cells number↓ [37]
C57BL/6J mice, male 60% HFD 4 weeks Glucose intolerance ↑ Metabolic disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes Clostridia class, Bacteroidales S24-7 family, and Candidatus arthromitusErysipelotrichi class, Desulfovibrionales Claudin-7↓ [38]
C57BL/6J mice, male 60% HFD 20 weeks Glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, adipose tissue inflammation ↑ _ Bilophila wadsworthia spp. ↑ Claudin-1, occludin ↓ [39]
C57BL/6J mice, female 60% HFD 8 or 12 weeks HOMA-IR, insulin resistance ↑ _ Bacteroidetes: Firmicutes ZO-1 ↓ [32]
C57BL/6J mice, male 60% HFD 120 days Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hepatic lipid accumulation, TG/TC ↑ Obesity Bifidobacterium genus ↓, Enterobacteriaceae family ↑ Micelles per enterocyte ↑ [40]
Swiss albino mice, male 60% HFD 8 weeks Insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation ↑ _ _ ZO-1, claudin-2, occludin ↓ [26]
SD rats, male 45% HFD with 1.25% cholesterol 8 weeks TG/TC/LDL/AST/ALT ↑ Hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia Firmicutes, Desulfovibrionaceae ZO-1, Muc2, occludin ↓ [33]
Swiss mice, male 45% Unmodified fat 8 weeks Glucose homeostasis ↑ Cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, atherogenesis _ Goblet cells, Muc2 ↓ [41]
C57BL/6 J mice, male 60% HFD 5 weeks Insulin resistance, basal glycemia ↑ Hypertension Proteobacteria, F/B ratio ↑, Akkermansia ZO-1, Muc2, occludin, Muc3 ↓ [34]
C57BL/6J mice, male 60% HFD 12 weeks Serum glucose ↑ Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases F/B ratio ↑ _ _ [42]
C57BL/6 mice, male HFD (45% kcal/fat (39% lard+6% soybean oil) 16 weeks Bone loss ↑ Leaky gut, osteoporosis, obesity Lactobacillus ↓, F/B ratio ↑ Claudin-1, claudin-15, ZO-1, JAM-A ↓ [43]
C57BL/6J male mice, male 60% HFD 16 weeks Insulin resistance, blood glucose ↑ Hyperlipidemia Faecalibaculum, F/B ratio ↑, Parasutterella ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1 ↓ [25]
C57BL6/J mice, male HFD (lard (20 g % diet) 60 days Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia ↑ Type 2 diabetes, obesity _ ZO-1, claudins-1, -2, -3 ↓ [44]
C57BL/6 mice 60% HFD 6 weeks Insulin resistance ↑ IBD, leaky gut Firmicutes, Actinobacteria Occludin, goblet cell ↓ [29]
SD rats, male 60% HFD 8 weeks Insulin resistance, TG ↑ NAFLD Lactobacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae Claudin-1 ↓ [45]
C57BL/6 mice, male 60% HFD 12 weeks Insulin resistance, metabolic endotoxemia ↑ Obesity, diabetes Firmicutes Occludin, ZO-1, Claudin-5↓ [46]

TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; F/B, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes; ZO-1, zonulin-1; JAM-A, junctional adhesion molecule; Muc2, mucin 2; Muc3, Mucin 3.

J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2024;34:747~756 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2312.12031
© J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.