Fig. 3. Effects of PDE on the production of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β in RAW 264.7 cells.
RAW 264.7 cells were treated with PDE at 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml for 24 h. The production of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines was evaluated using ELISA. PDE induced production of IL-6 (A), TNF-α (B), and IL-1β (C) in RAW 264.7 cells culture supernatants. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with PDE at 50 and 100 μg/ml for 24 h. Relative cytokine mRNA level was evaluated by qRT-PCR. PDE increased mRNA expression of IL-6 (D), TNF-α (E), and IL-1β (F) in RAW 264.7 cells. The data represent the mean ± SD (n = 3). **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 vs. control group. PDE, Pinus densiflora pollen extract; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; N.D., non detection.