Fig. 2. Effects of PDE on ROS production in RAW 264.7 cells.
(A, B) RAW 264.7 cells were treated with PDE at 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml for 24 h. PDE significantly induced ROS production in RAW 264.7 cells. (C) RAW 264.7 cells were treated with PDE at 50 and 100 μg/ml for 24 h. PDE increased the expression of mtROS. Representative images of RAW 264.7 cells stained with MitoSOX Red. The data represent the mean ± SD (n = 3). **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 vs. control group. PDE, Pinus densiflora pollen extract; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Cont, control; MitoSOX, mitochondrial superoxide; DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.