Fig. 4. Effects of PLA, ILA, and LA on obesity-related cytokine secretion and gene expressions.
(A) Heatmap hierarchical clustering analysis of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) data. NOR, normal groups, preadipocytes; CON, control groups, cells were cultured with differentiation medium; compound-treated groups (PLA, ILA, and LA), cells were cultured with differentiation medium and treated with 0.31 to 10 mM concentration with each compound. (B) mRNA expression level. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, interleukin-6 (IL6), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels were measured using quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data represent the means ± SD. *p < 0.05 indicates statistical differences between CON and experimental groups.