Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Effects of the coffee pulp–ampicillin (CP–AMP) combination on membrane permeability. The E. coli E48 strain was treated with CP alone (25, 50, 100 mg/ml), AMP alone (50 mg/ml), or the CP-AMP combination (CP 0.2 mg/ml + AMP 0.1 mg/ml) for 1 h at 37°C. The amounts of DNA (A) and proteins (B) were determined. The relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) of NPN (C) and Rh123 (D) was measured. The positive control was 0.1% Triton X-100 (TX). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

© J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.