Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

eISSN 1738-8872
pISSN 1017-7825

Table. 1.

Table. 1. Table 1

Characteristics of nutrition intervention studies on differences in phenotypes based on individuals’ gut microbiota.

Variable factors	Nutritional Intervention or challenge	Duration	Related disease	Study design	Participants (n)	Major conclusion	Citation
Baseline enterotype	New Nordic Diet (high in fiber and whole grain) vs. average Danish diet	26 weeks	Metabolic syndrome	Randomized controlled diet intervention	Participants with increased waist circumference (n = 62)	High P/B ratio: greater body fat loss	[66]
	New Nordic Diet (high in fiber and whole grain) vs. average Danish diet	26 weeks	Metabolic syndrome	Randomized controlled diet intervention	Participants with central obesity and components of metabolic syndrome (n = 62)	Low P/B ratio: greater decreased total cholesterol	[70]
	Barley kernel-based bread vs. White wheat flour bread	3 d	NA	Randomized cross-over diet intervention	Healthy adults (n = 39)	High P/B ratio: improvement in glucose and insulin responses	[71]
	500 kcal/d energy deficit diet	24 weeks	Metabolic syndrome	Randomized, controlled, parallel design	Participants with overweight (n = 52)	High P/B ratio: increased weight loss and body fat loss	[67]
	Calorie restriction diet (approximately 40% energy deficit)	3 weeks	NA	Uncontrolled longitudinal study	Non-obese adults (n = 41)	Prevotella enterotype: increased BMI loss	[69]
	Low-capsaicin vs. high-capsaicin	6 weeks	NA	Controlled cross-over diet intervention	Healthy adults (n = 12)	Bacteroides enterotype: increased glucagonlike peptide 1, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and decreased ghrelin	[72]
Baseline microbial diversity	Weight maintenance diet vs. standard diets supplemented with resistant starch vs. standard diets supplemented with non-starch polysaccharides vs. weight-loss diet	10 weeks	Metabolic syndrome	Randomized cross-over diet intervention	Obese adult males (n = 14)	Low baseline diversity: more unstable gut microbial change after dietary intervention	[40]
	10 g vs. 40 g of dietary fiber	5 d	NA	Randomized cross-over diet intervention	Healthy adults (n = 19)	Low baseline microbiota richness: more unstable gut microbial change	[41]
	Energy-restricted high-protein diet vs. weightmaintenance diet	6 weeks	Metabolic syndrome	Randomized cross-over diet intervention	Overweight and obese adults (n = 49)	Low baseline bacterial gene count: less improvement in risk of dysmetabolism and inflammation	[43]
	Calorie restriction diet (approximately 10–40% energy deficit) and increased physical activity	10 weeks	Metabolic syndrome	Standardized diet advice provided	Overweight adolescents (n = 36)	High baseline bacterial richness, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium leptum, and Bifidobacterium catenulatum: increased body weight loss	[44]
	TMAO-rich diet vs. choline-rich diet vs. carnitinerich diet vs. control diet	1 meal	NA	Randomized controlled cross-over diet intervention	Healthy adult males (n = 40)	Lower baseline bacterial diversity, higher Firmicutes/ Bacteroidetes ratio and abundance of Clostridiales: high TMAO production	[45]
Baseline specific gut microbial taxa	Sourdough wholegrain bread vs. white wheat bread	1 week	NA	Randomized cross-over trial	Healthy adults (n = 20)	Relative abundance of Coprobacter fastidiosus and Lachnospiraceae bacterium 3_1_46FAA can predict glycemic response to different bread types	[46]
	Placebo (maltodextrin, 8 g/ day) vs. inulin (5 g/ day and 8 g/day)	2 weeks	NA	A doubleblind, placebocontrolled, crossover study	Healthy adults (n = 30)	Lower abundance of Bifidobacterium: higher increase in Bifidobacterium after inulin supplement	[48]
	Energy-restricted, high-protein diet vs. weight maintenance diet	6 weeks	Metabolic syndrome	Randomized cross-over diet intervention	Obese and overweight adults (n = 50)	Lower abundance of Lactobacillus/ Leuconostoc/ Pediococcus: higher plasma insulin, IL-6, adipose tissue inflammation, and less weight loss and rapidly regained weight during the stabilization period	[51]
	Energy-restricted, high-protein diet vs. weight maintenance diet	6 weeks	Metabolic syndrome	Randomized cross-over diet intervention	Obese and overweight adults (n = 49)	Higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila: higher improvement in insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and greater body fat loss	[52]
	Calorie restriction (30–50% energy deficit)	6 months	Metabolic syndrome	Standardized diet advice provided	Overweight adults (n = 83)	Relative abundance of Blautia wexlerae and Bacteroides dorei can predict weight loss	[53]
	Low-FODMAP diet vs. Traditional IBS diet	4 weeks	Gastrointestinal disease	Randomized controlled diet intervention	Adults with IBS (n = 61)	Higher abundance of Phascolarctobacterium: lower IBS-symptom severity score (IBS-SSS) after low-FODMAP diet intervention	[49]
	Low-FODMAP diet vs. typical TACD	2 d	Gastrointestinal disease	Randomized controlled cross-over diet intervention	Children with IBS (n = 33)	Higher abundance of Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: less daily abdominal pain	[50]
	Conventional diet (550 mg/70 kg body weight) vs. choline-depletion diet (<50 mg/70 kg body weight) vs. choline-repletion diet (850 mg/70 kg body weight)	10 d (conventi onal diet), 42 d (depletion diet), 10 d (repletion diet)	NA	Parallel standardized diet	Healthy female adults (n = 15)	Higher abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Erysipelotrichia at baseline: lower liver fat to spleen fat ratio after choline-depletion diet	[47]

NA = not applicable; FODMAP= fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols; P/B = Prevotella/Bacteroides; IBS: irritable bowel syndrome; TMAO: trimethylamine‐N‐oxide; TACD: typical American childhood diet.

J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2022;32:1497~1505 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2209.09050