Viral mechanisms involving chromatin architecture.
Genome | Integration into host | Regulatory mechanisms involving chromatin architecture | |
---|---|---|---|
HHVs | DNA | No Persists as an episome | ● Regulation of viral gene expression via CTCF/cohesin-dependent changes in episomal structure ● Alterations of epigenetic/chromatin organization by viral gene products to modulate host gene expression ● Viral-host chromosomal interactions |
HPVs | DNA | Yes Maintained either as an episome or by integration into the host genome |
● Regulation of viral gene expression via CTCF/cohesin/YY1-dependent changes in episomal structure ● Activation of viral oncogenes due to disruption of CTCF binding sites during integration ● Hijacking of host enhancers to drive viral oncogene expression ● Alteration of host gene expression by generation of host chromosome SVs upon viral integration |
HIVs | RNA | Yes Stable integration into the host genome |
● Preferential integration into active open chromatin ● Proviral gene expression is correlated with the epigenomic landscape of the host chromosomal loci that contact the viral integration site |
Influenza virus | RNA | No | ● CTCF/cohesin-dependent host chromosomal structure affects viral pathogenesis ● Disruption of host genomic organization by viral protein-mediated transcriptional read-through ● Activation of host genes by viral protein-induced cohesin recruitment to the host genomic locus |
SARS-CoV-2 | RNA | No | ● CTCF/cohesin-dependent host chromosomal structure affects viral pathogenesis ● Infection-induced attenuation of chromatin compartmentalization |