Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Ability of vanillin (VAN), protocatechuic acid (PRO), catechin (CAT), and taxifolin (TAX), identified in Korean red pine bark extract, to protect neuronal PC-12 cells against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, as measured using the DCFHDA assay. Data are displayed as the mean ± standard deviation (bars) of three replicates. Different letters on the bars indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05).

© J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.