Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. (A) Cytotoxic effects of Korean red pine bark extract on neuronal PC-12 cells and (B) its protective effects against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress as measured using the MTT assay. Data are displayed as the mean ± standard deviation (bars) of three replicates. Different letters on the bars indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05).

© J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.